Internal Symptoms

There are many internal symptoms that can occur due to CES. To start off, there is a chance of mild to moderate mental impairment. Thirty-five percent of those with CES have congenital heart malformations. Fifty percent of those with CES have renal anomalies; most consist of horseshoe kidneys, congenital hydronephrosis, or unilateral agenesis/hypoplasia. Less than 35% have anal atresia and those who do, always have it with a fistula into the bladder, vagina perineum, or urethra. Some individuals with CES have covered or anteriorly displaced anus. Males who have CES may have cryptorchidism. Those are some of the internal symptoms that can occur for individuals who have CES (Gorlin, Cohen, & Hennekarn, 2001).